Segun
Adeoye visits an aso oke factory and explores the age-old technique of
weaving this famous Nigerian fabric
It is unlike the typical cloth-making factory, which is equipped with
machines to take the stress off the apprentice. In this aso oke fabric
weaving factory, the blood is the fuel that propels the crocheting that
gets the synthetic fibers woven together, to form fascinating patterns
of aso oke fabric.
The setting is such that it has a semblance of being on a football
pitch, with posts erected on both sides. There are sheds facing each
other, made from planks and corrugated iron sheets, complemented with
strewn sack materials to shield from the scorching heat of the sun.
Under each shed are four apprentice weavers facing each other in
their segmented horizontal looms. Their task is as daunting as it is
competitive. Before them is a “burden” made up of a block around which
is wound a rope used to bind it to a carrier made of wood, to which is
attached threads, which are stretched at a distance of about 12 metres
to each weaver.
The simple but onerous task is to engage in the weaving process as
fast as is possible, which will eventually see the “burden” pulled to
the feet of the weaver, with the eventual outcome of having woven as
many as 15 pieces of patterned aso oke fabrics. Each piece, which has a
width of about 15 centimetres, and length of about 50 cm, is then
stitched together to make traditional outfits like agbada (men’s flowing
wide sleeved robe), fila (men’s traditional cap), iro (women’s
wrapper), gele (women’s head gear), and Ipele or Iborun – shoulder sash
or shawl.
No special prices will be awarded to whoever finishes first; but
then, it is also a test of the weaver’s prowess, indeed, manliness. For a
piece of aso oke fabric woven, the apprentice gets paid N100.
It is a daunting task that Egbetsiafa Philip, now in his 40s has been
engaged in since 1992 when he started out to learn the art of making
aso oke fabrics in the Volta Region of Ghana. “The pattern depends on
what the customer wants, and there is no pattern under the sun that we
cannot create, as long as it can be written down we can weave the thread
to create the pattern in aso oke,” Philip says, with a characteristic
Ghanaian accent.
Philip who learnt the art of making aso oke fabrics in Ghana from
1992 to 1996, moved to the Ojokoro area of Lagos, Nigeria in 1997, and
has continued the age-old traditional art.
Patterned aso oke fabrics, used for various clothing outfits like the
trademark fila of the former governor of Lagos State, Asiwaju Ahmed
Tinubu, have become not only a fashionable trend in the society, but a
status symbol, indeed, a niche for an elevated personality. It is akin
to a fashion label that stands an individual out from the crowd.
In many
Owambe parties, it is a common sight to see
gorgeously dressed women with gele, wiggle their waists as they dance
with rhythmical steps to tunes blaring from speakers. Such geles are
usually stylishly tied and knotted in glamorous styles that literally
announce the presence of the wearer in any of such parties. In a number
of instances, they are complemented with Ipele or Iborun. Parties like
wedding and engagement ceremonies in the South-western part of Nigeria
are incomplete without the use of aso oke.
“What is there is that many people love aso oke, especially women,
for them party is party, even naming ceremony is not complete without
wearing aso oke,” Alexander Geogisberg, an aso oke weaver says.
Geogisberg, like Philip, left Ghana for Nigeria in 1997, because the
allure and market for aso oke was more in Nigeria. “I also have my own
shop in Ghana, but Nigerian market is more than there, so I came here,”
Geogisberg says.
But as alluring as aso oke is, the process of making the fabrics is
similar to the egg (used for omelet) which was laid by the mother hen –
it comes with pain and stress.
“There’s the joy of seeing the aso oke when you finish, but the thing
is that it comes with great stress and body ache,” Agbetsiafa Bright
says, as he swallows two tablets of analgesic, followed by a full
stretch of his body. It would be the second time he would swallow the
tablets in a space of about five hours. To weave the 15 strips of aso
oke could take a whole day depending on the pattern to be designed on
the fabrics, and indeed, how much stamina the weaver can muster.
Philip shares the views of Bright. “It gives a lot of stress because
you are seated in one spot for hours as you weave the thread together,
so for me I used to see it as exercise,” he says.
There can be short breaks at intervals of five hours in between the
weaving, depending on the resilience of the weaver. It is a period used
only to refresh and to eat, before the weaver returns to the loom to
continue the weaving process.
The setting up of the tools relies on the technique that involves
interlacing a set of thread, warp and weft, at right angles, to form the
striped patterns on the aso oke fabric. The sets of thread, which are
interlaced together on the loom are arranged in line with the pattern or
design to be created on the aso oke fabric. For more elaborate design,
the weaver simply adds supplementary wefts. It is an age-old technique
that has apparently defied the touch of modern technology.
“I can tell you that no machine whether in China or wherever can make
aso oke fabrics that we make, the types of fabrics they use machine to
make only try to look like aso oke, but it is not the same like the ones
we weave here,”Philip says.
The horizontal looms where weavers like Philip, Geogisberg and Bright
sit for hours as they weave the thread, take the shape of log cabins.
Each weaver inserts the thread into the
aasa (striker) through
the
omu (extenders). On the upper hand of the
omu is
the
okeke (wheel) used for pulling the
omu up and
down. There are two
itese (pedals) under the
omu,
which the weaver presses down interchangeably during the weaving
process. The
itese when pressed enables the warp to open and
the reel put through to one side while the
aasa knocks the reel
to and fro to another side making the reel to be finely set
interchangeably. The weaver simultaneously handles the
oko
(shuttle), throws it inside the open warp to be received by his other
hand. The continuous process results in the thread being woven to aso
oke fabric. At intervals of about 15 minutes, the weaver uses the drawer
to pull the carrier on which the thread is attached, towards his loom.
At the end of the process, 15 strips of aso oke fabric would have been
woven – enough to be stitched together to make
fila and
iborun
for a newly wedded couple.
To make a complete outfit for a client, the weaving process can take
as long as three days, to produce the strips that will afterwards be
stitched together, says Philip.
But as stressful as the process is, Philip expresses delight in
weaving aso oke fabrics.
“I can tell you that I have several clients abroad that I make aso
oke for, so even though there are many other types of attires, the thing
is that aso oke will always have those that want to wear it,” he says.
Indeed, there was a time baggy trousers and afro hairstyles were the
fad, but they have faded away. Fashion changes like a girl changes
clothes, but the aso oke traditional attire, which has been in existence
since the late 8th century has remained alluring and enduring as its
age-old weaving process.
African-American, Mrs. Yeye Akilimali Funua Olade, an ardent lover of
everything African, hardly wears any clothing apart from aso oke. She
sums up her reasons thus: “Aso oke is the most beautiful cloth in the
World, so every day I want to be the most beautiful I can be! No
inferior cloth again for me o!”
Posts
February 17, 2007 at 6:07 pm | edit Very interesting page. Good Dictionaire
March 24, 2007 at 5:37 am | edit kinhgui
March 26, 2007 at 8:56 pm | edit KINHGUI! Beautiful! Which African language is that and what does it mean?You and any other Black person can write a piece on your African language,first giving us background,alphabet,greetings and we will post it! Are you listening our Ikwerre Sister,also?Just place a comment on this and I will contact you thru your e-mail to receive your contribution to expose everyone to your great African language!
March 30, 2007 at 2:59 pm | edit ikwerre(igbo) is an interesting language(dialet) that varies from igbo languages cluster like….ikwerre n’otu MEKA!,meka is derives from EMEKA.IKWERRE is a language with great variation……..MEKA! MEKA!
April 28, 2007 at 5:44 am | edit Dear Friends, I was very glad, when I found this page and see my name and mentioning about my Yoruba dictionary to Freelang.net. Thanks a lot. It wasn’t easy to make it because Yoruba is a word with a lot of diacritics, and some letter I really don’t have in my key board. This language brought to Portuguese language, some words specilly to Brazilian state of Bahia, brought by the slaves who came to Brazil during almost 200 years. In other parts of the country, this words aren’t common.
I also have some database in Igbo language. but this is very few to compound a dictionary. Igbo is a language smallest in web material. So I invite you who have lots of data base to make an Igbo dictionary to Freelang. All we will be very glad.
December 10, 2012 at 4:29 am | edit my project is actually on an Igbo dictionary . please i need help.
June 20, 2007 at 3:54 pm | edit Love to have yoruba dictionary
July 5, 2007 at 7:49 pm | edit what an enormous task.its worthwile.could you please research on the names of some wild animal in yoruba.The animals are mammoth,mole,bearded vulture,rhinocherous,eland,pattridge,manatee,hedgehog,klipspringer,otter,oryx,honeybadger,dorcas gazelle,red fronted gazelle,barbany sheep,nile crocodile,rinocherous bird,topi(senegal hartebeest),secretary bird, so also the english version of sese olongo(bird),esuro,
October 7, 2007 at 1:58 pm | edit [...] YORUBA(FREE DOWNLOAD OF YORUBA DICTIONARY AT FREELANG.NET/DICTIONARY/YOURBA.HTML)! « BLACK IS B… BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL! DEDICATED TO SAVING BLACKNESS WORLDWIDE! « YORUBA (ENGLISH TO YORUBA)VOCABULARY BY WORDGUMBO.COM ESPANOL MAS! #3 » YORUBA(FREE DOWNLOAD OF YORUBA DICTIONARY AT FREELANG.NET/DICTIONARY/YOURBA.HTML)! FROM: freelang.net/dictio [...]
November 21, 2007 at 12:46 am | edit Good service to humanity
December 9, 2007 at 4:11 pm | edit RENATO FIGUEIREDO,forgive us for missing your comment! Your Yoruba freelang.net is one of the most popular viewed items on this site. So just last week I activated the link,as when I did that post didn’t know how last year! I will look for an Igbo scholar to help you. Black on! You are blessing the BLACK race in your own way! We thank you so much for that and know that Olodumare(GOD) will bless you abundantly for this!
March 7, 2008 at 10:20 am | edit I want software of yoruba dictionary and the manual, it’s a matter of urgent and i will appreciate if you can send to this address.
Sw9/121b, Gada Odo-Ona, Ibadan. Oyo State. Nigeria.
Mobile Number: +234-805-389-2325
thanks
By Adeoye David Afolabi
March 26, 2008 at 5:57 pm | edit Hi,
I am English. My girlfriend is Nigerian and speaks Yoruba (and millions of other languages). I would like to tell her that “I love you” in Yoruban.
Can you help
Kind regards
Michael
March 28, 2008 at 11:05 am | edit tell her that “moni fee gan”
April 1, 2008 at 6:01 am | edit Hey am dating a nigerian guy and am from Trinidad. I love him so much but, it aches me when we go out and he’s speaking yoruba on d fone and I can’t relate or when he is trying to express something to me and the translation is not right in english. Can you help me or direct me to where I can usual resources to learn and understand the language? Quick question what does: “aya mi mabinu” and “kilode iyawo mi” mean?
April 2, 2008 at 12:42 pm | edit Aya mi ma binu means my wife,don’t be annoyed with me! Aya=wife,mi=my,ma=don’t be,binu=annoyed,angry!
Kilode Iyawo mi= what’s the matter my wife?
kilode=what’s the matter,what’s going on?
Iyawo=wife also
mi=my
April 3, 2008 at 8:51 am | edit I really need your help.
What does this mean: mofe ran re…………..jeg elske deg…………… ??
My lover sent it to me & I really need to know.
Thank you so very much
April 8, 2008 at 1:18 pm | edit Ese. Thhank u for shedding light and simplifying this for me. Now this one: “Bawoni omoge se ko si wahala”
March 11, 2013 at 11:25 pm | edit That means How are you beautiful? hope there’s no problem?
Bawoni=How r u?
Omoge=Beautiful girl
Ko si= there’s nt
Wahala=problem
April 9, 2008 at 2:32 pm | edit Bawo ni omoge. Se ko si wahalla.
Bawo ni(how are things?)
Omoge=beautiful,fashionable young lady
How are things beautiful young fashionable lady!
Se =how ko si=not anything =hope there’s nothing bad =hope everything is fine
wahalla=trouble=hope there is no trouble
April 10, 2008 at 12:41 am | edit Again I have to thank you. I don’t know how to interpret ( for want of a better term) if he is really serious about me. I know there are a lot of cultural differences between us and as a result am insecure about us. I think in little ways he tries to make me secure but otherwise am still doubtful. Can you tell me according to your youruba tradition (which
can be different from tribe to tribe) how you can know if a man is serious? He told me he wanted to marry me and I don’t know if I should take this seriously or see where this goes? Can you help me understand?
April 10, 2008 at 2:28 am | edit Yeye, I am very grateful for what you are doing and the time you spend simplyfing everything for me. May blessings and prosperity continue to be your portion. I am genuinely interested in learning your culture regardless my relationship works out or not. Is there any way you can help me to communicate better with him or anyone that speaks the yoruba language. Can you shed some light on expectations of a woman from both her husband, his family and other close relations. You are blessed. Respect.
April 11, 2008 at 11:00 am | edit Sister Cathy,Am glad to give advise about how a Yoruba woman is expected to act and treat the Yoruba man. Remember that I am a Blackamerikkkan too though,but have lived 30 years in Yoruba land and have tried to change in all ways possible for me to be my model woman,the traditional Yoruba woman,so I’m learning too,everyday and how to be a better Yoruba woman,especially to a Yoruba husband. First you must show your Yoruba man respect at all times! Don’t shout or nag him as these are things the good Yoruba woman never does! She is very careful what she says to her man,and always says it in a respectful way. If you are angry for any reason,don’t show it by loose talk and shouting or negative ways. If you have to say,let me cool down first before I talk about this,in a respectful way,do that! Don’t argue with the Yoruba man in any angry mood. Wait until you can say what you want to say in a respectful manner, you dig. Now read up on everything about the traditional Yoruba woman to get an idea about things you have to change about yourself and remember all these changes can be done,because African behaviour is our natural behavior! We have been forced by slavery,etc. to be other than our natural selves,but we can always choose to change back to our natural BLACK selves,as African/Yoruba women!
April 11, 2008 at 11:03 am | edit Do you think he is really serious, due to the fact that he addresses me as his wife?, knowing that am not too familiar with his language, but yet still he refers to me as that?
April 11, 2008 at 11:05 am | edit Cathy,Sister, you must get Yoruba tapes and books on how to speak Yoruba and learn. Start my looking on amazon for “learning yoruba language”. Then ask your Yoruba man if he knows any of his friends who can teach you Yoruba.You must learn the language to feel part of your own lost BLACK culture!
April 11, 2008 at 11:06 am | edit The suspense is killing me to hear your responses…..
April 11, 2008 at 11:08 am | edit Cathy, this is on the Yoruba woman from
Female Deities and Their Importance in the Yoruba Culture Folarin (H)
There is no doubt that religion is a major aspect of the Yoruba culture. This is a culture that contains a huge pantheon of gods and goddesses each with a different mythology and purpose. Many Yoruba deities are connected to the natural forces that command and create life. They are seen not only in religious worship, but in the daily lives and activities of the Yoruba people.
To a Yoruba person, knowing the mythology of deities is as important as learning the history of his/her ancestors. The deities are in fact the ancestors of all humankind. This deep connection plays a tremendous role in the relationship between deity and human; in the human need for help in working with nature’s forces deities are consulted for guidance and example. Women being at the source of creation have always looked to deities (primarily female deities) for assistance in their survival and for the welfare of the community.
There are constant celebrations and festivals reminding and teaching the Yoruba people of this rich past and deep connection. An example of such a festival is the “Gelede”. This festival celebrates the “great ancestral mothers” and women’s life giving powers. The festival has two parts a night ceremony called the “Efe” and the daytime celebration called the “Gelede”. In both celebrations, elaborate costumes and masks are created to pay homage to deities and ancestors. The importance of women in Yoruba society is the overall theme of the festival.
The festival is held in the marketplace which is the center of women’s social and economic activity. The marketplace is the key to the economic wealth of women in Yoruba society. Therefore, it is the perfect place to pay homage to women’s influence and strength. Several female deities play a large role in the festival’s activities.
One of the most sacred “Efe” and “Gelede” performances is of the Great Mother,”Iyanla”. Special preparations are made for this performance. All the lights are extinguished, and a shrine is provided as a center for worship. The shrine consists of a mask wrapped or draped in white cloth, and the performers representing “Iyanla” focus on their dancing. The “Iyanla” can come in two forms: a bearded elderly lady or a Spirit bird. There are two chants that are spoken when the performers appear. One chant is to the Spirit bird form:
Spirit Bird is coming (Twice)
Ososobi o, Spirit Bird is coming
The one who brings the festival today
Tomorrow is the day when devotees of the gods will worship
You are the one who brought us to this place
It is your influence that we are using
Ososobi o, Spirit bird is coming
[Recorded in Ilaro, 1978]
This chant demonstrates how important “Iyanla” is to the Yoruba people. She is the reason and the power behind the festival. Another chant spoken is to the bearded mother form:
“Iyanla come into the world, our mother
Kind one will not die like the evil one
Ososomu come into the world
Our mother the kind one will not die like the evil one”
And
“Ososomu e e e
Honored ancestor “apake e e e”
Mother, Mother, child who brings peace to the world
Repair the world for us
Iyanla, child who brings peace to the world o e”
[Collected in Ibaiyun, 1975]
In both of these chants “Iyanla” is constantly referred to as mother. This indicates homage to a deity like that of a great ancestor. In the second chant, “Iyanla” is asked to bring peace to the world, and by participating is this chant comfort is given by knowing that “Iyanla” hears the trouble of her children. Again there is a motherly portral of the goddess.
In addition to the mask representing ”Iyanla”, other goddesses are depicted. Masks with special clay pots called “otun” are attached for collecting sacred water. These masks are dedicated to water deities such as ”Yemoja” and “Osun”. Water signifies a natural force needed for human survival; as well as a symbol of richness and fertility. The goddess “Yemoja” is also honored by a special mask worn only by a priestess. Red parrot feathers crown the mask symbolizing the mystical power of women. Other articles of clothing signify a woman’s connection to deity. The oja can be worn in a variety of ways depending upon the senority of a prietess or follower. It may be worn as a gele (head wrap) to indicate new initiates or around the buba (traditional blouse) for older prietesses. The Yoruba people recognize and respect the differences.
Outside of festivals and celebrations female deities still remain a powerful influence. Daily these deities are consulted in problems that occur in everyday life. Specific problems are brought to different goddesses. Each goddess has her own history and personality. These qualities mirror the positive and negative aspects of the Yoruba culture.
The river goddess “Osun” is sought after for advice in matters of love and children. In Yoruba culture, she is seen as the goddess of love and beauty. A festival is also dedicated to her; many offerings are given to her by women asking for her help. She can cause drought or flood and therefore must be constantly appeased. She is the matron goddess of the town Osogbo in Osun State of Nigeria.
Another important goddess to the Yoruba people is “Oya”. She is a goddess with many different aspects. One of her most dominant traits is her association with the forest and the hunt. Because of these aspects, she is also known as the “Buffalo-woman”. She can come in the form of the hunter or in the form of the prey. These two forms illustrate the importance of both aspects of life. She teaches understanding and respect for the life of the animal killed to provide food, and the balance that must be maintained in nature.
In the role of “Buffalo-woman”, she also teaches that the roles of men and women in Yoruba society are not as important as the survival of the community. This is a lesson being used in modern Yoruba culture. Traditionally women are not allowed to leave the village to search for roots or food. Even women trained in gathering roots for medicine can not go deep into the forest. However, a hunter is only considered to be the best if he is successful in the depths of the forest. He must recognize the greatness and skills of “Oya” as a hunter goddess to feed the village.
Another aspect of “Oya” is as the whirlwind or tornado. This again illustrates the negative but necessary aspect of nature; to have creation destruction must take place. She is seen as the cause of tornadoes in Yoruba culture. This also relates to the negative and violent power within men and women. If these powers are allowed the run rapid, they can be just as destructive as any tornado.
Oya’s diversified personality makes her one of the most distinctive of the Yoruba goddesses. Her personality is best summoned up in a poem by Judith Gleason. It describes both her negative and positive qualities.
Oya
Dark forest, deepest obscurity
Which grabs and swallows you in the forest
Winds of Death
Tears the Calabash, tears the bush
Sango’s wife who
With the thumb tears out
The intestines of the one liar
Great Oya, yes
Only she seizes the horns of the buffalo
Only she confronts the returning dead
Swiftly she gets her things together swiftly
Oya messenger, carry me on your back
Don’t let me down
She burns like fire in the hearth
Everywhere at once
Tornado, quivering sold canopied tress–
Great Oya, yes
Whirlwind, masquerader, awakening
Courageously takes up her saber
Iya O, Iya O
Mother Oya
It is not from today that she is honorable
But from long ago
Iya O, Oya O
Mother Oya
She’s the one who employs truth against [untruth]
She stands at the frontier
Between Life and Death
Iya O, Oya O
If it is Bembe, she dances it, O she’ll dance it
Who dances Bata Drums?
O she dances it
Who dances Shekere,
O she dances it
Wife of Ogun, that’s the one who dances it, whatever it is
She has been performing Egungun masquerade for a long time
Oya had so much honor
She turned and became Orisa
Oya guards the road into the world and out of it
Oya, respect to the awesome!
(Judith Gleason@1987)
The role of female deities in Yoruba culture is ever present and ever changing. A strong connection between female deities and the Yoruba people is illustrated by the many lessons learned from them. These lessons include “Iyanla’s” wisdom, “Osun’s” love, and “Oya’s” strength. Connection between humankind and deity is crucial. By having respect for deity whether male or female, one gains a love and kindred to everything in nature. This serves as a way to pass on the lesson of how to live in balance with ourselves and others. All these are valuable teachings which can be used in daily life not of just the Yoruba people but of everyone and anyone.
References
Blakely, Thomas D., Van Beek, Walter E. A., and Thomson, Dennis L. Religion in Africa: Experience and Expression. David M. Kennedy Center 1994.
Drewal, Henry John and Drewal, Margaret Thompson. 1983. Gelede: Art and Female Power among the Yoruba. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
Gleason, Judith. 1987, 1992. Oya: In Praise of an African Goddess. San Francisco: Harper.
Websites:
Web-Site: http://www.voiceofwomen.com/articles/omi.html
-“Keys to Feminine Empowerment: from the Yoruba West African
Tradition” by: Omifunke.
Web-Site: http://www.artnet,net/~ifa/oshun.htm
-“Ijo Orunmila: Spreading Ifa to All Olodumare’s Children.” by: Chief
Fashina Falade, Chief Olubikin of Ile-Ife.
Role of Women in Traditional Yoruba Society Adeola
Women played various roles in traditional Yoruba society. They performed in areas such as farming and trading, and economically, women’s efforts were crucial to the survival of their families and the society as a whole. Political roles were also abundant. Though males essentially dominated Yoruba politics in a physical sense, a woman’s importance was generated through mystical power and was fully independent of the reputation of her husband. Women also participated in body markings, and further, they held a great knowledge of medicine. In addition, traditional ceremonies and rituals such as Gelede, portray a profound respect for women–especially mothers. Historical myths placed sharp focus on religious and supernatural forces. In fact, in some instances, they were held as high as goddesses because of their alleged awesome power.
Women are further saluted through chants called Oriki, and these chants, additionally, assist women in their journey to marriage. In 1826, a man named Capperton observed wives of the Alaafin of Oyo (the most powerful Yoruba king at the time) in every place trading and like other women of the common class, carrying large loads on their heads from town to town (Drewal 225). Though the majority of women earn their income through trading, farming also plays a significant role (Spiro 13). Their function in supplying nutrition and clothing for themselves and their families depend greatly on both farming and trading (Kolade 1). Previous studies have shown that women’s only economic concern is with food processing and distribution, with some craft specialization and that women rarely take part in any phase of agriculture, but other studies show that almost all women spend approximately 25% of their time in some farming activity (Spiro 7).
Women are estimated to perform 60% to 80% of all agricultural work and to provide up to 70% of the region’s food (Middleton and Rassam 392). For instance, a woman performs much of her labor through the farming of crops such as yams, maize, cassava, and okra, and they even have to hire some male labor for their own farms (Spiro 7). The production and sale of such crops contributes to the well-being of her family in addition to providing income for various other household expenses (Middleton and Rassam 392). Women are in their prime years between the ages of 25-40, since their economic authority grows with age and their status as mothers.
Responsibilities increase because they need to supplement their husband’s income and provide money for school fees and other every day necessities. Women are also expected to supply the sauces, stews, and snacks eaten with staples. Women use their own money to buy clothes and luxury items for themselves and their children (Spiro 9).
Yoruba women marry at age eighteen and move to their husband’s village. During the early years of marriage, women are economically subservient to their husbands. Their domestic duties also include extensive unpaid agricultural labor on their husband’s holdings. These early years are also devoted to organizing the household, and bearing and rearing children. Yorubas strive for a 3 year space between children, owing to traditional sexual abstinence during an extended breast-feeding period. As children approach the school age, mothers start moving more seriously into trading enterprises. Children are net dependents on their parents between ages 6 and 18, depending on the schooling they receive (Spiro 9).
Women are further involved in body marks. A woman whose father is a mark maker can be taught how to and she can make marks (Barnes 358). These are incisions or tattoos on the body that represent sexuality, spirituality, strength, and status for males and females (254). For example, a woman with many marks is considered courageous and a woman without marks is deemed a coward (255). As a consequence of their significant contributions, women are given official roles in public affairs (Middleton and Rassam 392). In fact, the market women’s administrative head, Iyalode, holds a position on the king’s council of chiefs (Drewal 10). Women also participate in activities such as pottery making, spinning, dyeing, weaving, basketry, and dressmaking was added in the 19th century and medicinal activity is also predominant.
The collection and sale of medicinal ingredients takes place in large daily markets. These ingredients are not affected by menstruation and can therefore be handled by women. Since these women are intimately familiar with the plants and animals they handle, they undoubtedly know much about medicine, but they tend to limit their medicinal practice to the sale of ingredients. They also offer advice, recommending cures to their friends, and occasionally they will sell someone a recipe (Buckley 3).
On another note, women are considered the center of Gelede ceremonies (Lawal 36). Gelede is a ceremony that promotes the motif of barrenness as its prime focus. Certain traditional, religious beliefs form the basis for such ceremonies. First of all, Ogboni was one of the most religious organizations in Yorubaland (34-35). The Earth Goddess, Ile, held it’s divine authority and represented maternal principles. This is evident in the word, Abiye, meaning . It was used by female members of Ogboni called, Erelu, as a symbol of being good midwives and to prevent infant mortality, called Abiku.
Gelede society elaborates on the maternal values of Ogboni in order to inculcate into the mother’s mind the responsibility to her children and her community (Lawal 36). There are two main ceremonies that Gelede embodies. Efe is the night ceremony while Gelede occurs during the day. Furthermore, as with any phenomenon, there are two type of traditions concerning the origin of Gelede: the mythical and the historical (37). In Yoruba mythology, it is believed that a woman holds innate power which can be either good or evil. Such powers are called, aje often translated as ‘witch’ or ‘My Mother.’ The negative tendencies of aje are believed to branch from jealousy and competition within the polygamous setting of a Yoruba compound. Another important role in Gelede ceremonies is played out through the Chief priestess, Iyalase (82). She is the head of the society and the ase (the Gelede shrine), and she is the only one who can enter its divine quarters. The Iyalase has to be of age and must understand the Yoruba herbs and liturgy.
In further understanding of Gelede’s mythological origin, practices of a babalowo were referred to in many cases. A diviner, or babalowo, was consulted during times of trouble (Lawal 37-38). He memorizes rituals, or ese ifa, during training and then relates and interprets these stories for clients who have a given problem. These clients are instructed to follow the same steps as the mythical character, or orisa (gods), in order to resolve their problem. One ese ifa tells a story of a woman named Yewajobi, mother of all orisa and living things (39-40). She contacted the babalowo because she could no longer bear children after marrying her husband, Oluweri. She was instructed to dance and give sacrifices in honor of the orisa, and, in turn, she became fertile again. She gave birth to two children: Efe and Gelede. Efe was a jocular young man, and Gelede was obese and enjoyed dancing like her mother. Efe and Gelede, as well, had problems having children, but they, too, were advised to give sacrifice and dance about with wooden images on their heads. Sure enough, they both began having children.
In addition to the performance in honor of orisa, Gelede’s most popular function is to placate Iya Nla, the Great Mother (or Mother Nature) (71). Iya Nla was a sea out of which land emerged and life, humanity, and culture were sustained. Iya Nla loves music and dance. In fact, her Earthly disciples, the powerful mothers, enjoy music and dance, as well. They favor all who honor them with such entertainment. These rituals are performed today as the Gelede masked dance which gives respect to powerful mothers like Yewajobi and Iya Nla. The comical Efe mask is worn during the nocturnal Efe ceremony, and the female Gelede mask is bulky and worn during the day.
From a historical perspective, the story of a town called Ketu seems to be the most accredited origin of Gelede (Lawal 46-49). In a battle for the throne, two twin sons, Edun and Akan, split apart. Edun fled to a town called Ilobi to devise revenge on his brother, while Akan stayed behind. When Akan arrived in Ilobi to look for his brother, he was scared away by the device that his brother had built to keep him away. It consisted of numerous strings and shells that sent chilling noises into the night. When Edun returned to Ketu to claim his throne, he shared the secret of the strange noises with the community. The secret eventually developed into Gelede.
Still another traditional respect for women unveils through Oriki (Barber 12). Oriki parallels with the English word, definition, but goes deeper and exists on a more personal level: They are heavy words, fused together into formulations that have exceptional density and sensuous weight (12-13). They are special names that act as personal and family descriptions. There are three specific types of oriki: oriki orisa (gods), personal oriki (recognizes outstanding characteristics), and oriki orile (identifies large groups of people with common origin in an ancient, named town). Oriki orile is the most common type and is used to distinguish between houses. No oriki is specified for any particular occasion, and each type can be combined. Depending on the person’s past and defining characteristics, not all oriki are good. There is actually another category of oriki that exists, akija, that deals with negative incidents.
Oriki are also used in marriage ceremonies. Throughout a young girlís childhood she is exposed to numerous rituals and performances where oriki are used (Barber 96-99). By the time she is and adolescent, she has her own rara iyawo chant (or ekun Iyawo) which is performed during weddings. Rara iyawo are made up mostly of oriki orile. The girls chant to the bride in unison as the bride bids her own rara iyawo and farewells. The bridal laments are practiced extensively before the wedding day and are kept a secret. However, unlike a mature woman, the bride has no chance to improve her public performance by gradual, repeated exposure, because rara iyawo is only performed on one occasion (105). After the wedding ceremony is over, it is considered inappropriate to chant rara iyawo publicly.
In preparation for her wedding, the bride must also pay homage to her future husband’s family (108). Before entering into her new life, a woman undergoes a three month process of induction into her new family. This process involves a number of acts which demonstrate her willingness to contribute her labor and property to her husband’s people. Aside from her job of dividing her belongings amongst every member of the husband’s family, she performs symbolic acts that convey her separation from her former status. For example, on the day after the wedding, the husband’s female relatives strip and wash the bride and then dress her in new clothes. The old clothes are then taken back to her own family compound.
Some women became experts in chanting and, therefore, joined cults along with other devotees in dedication and worship of a particular orisa (Barber 99). It was considered extremely important for young women to become familiar with chanting called orisa pipe, which simply means chants to the orisa. Older women would assist in this achievement through encouragement and support. One such cult is the Gelede cult, iya un, otherwise known as our mothers. It refers to a select group of women who have reached menopause and have special powers (Ibitokun 36). They are the rightful owners of the Gelede ceremony, and all females are potential iya un. Iya un have a lot of praise names, or oriki, with various meanings– especially during performances. One example is adananlojuomi, meaning she whose heart is the open sea (37).
In conclusion, women had a huge impact on the traditional Yoruba society. Their role as economic, political, medical, and religious leaders, as well as their majestic role as mothers, proves their significance in the survival of mankind. The sacred masks worn in the traditional Gelede ceremonies was and continues to be a symbol of the community’s respect for, in addition to their dependence on women.
Works Cited
Barber, Karin. I Could Speak Until Tomorrow. pg.12-13, 96-99, 105, 108
Barnes, Sandra T. Ed. Africa’s Ogun. pg. 255 – 258
Buckley, Anthony D. Yoruba Medicine. pg. 3
Drewal, Henry John and Margret Thompson. Gelede. pg. 12, 225
Ibitokun, Benedict M. Dance as a Ritual Drama and Entertainment in the Gelede of the Ketu-Yoruba Subgroup in West Africa. pg. 36-37
Lawal, Babatunde. The Gelede Spectacle. pg. 34-40, 46-49, 71, 82
Middleton, John and Rassam Amal Eds. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Vol IX. pg. 392
Spiro, Heather. The Ilora Farm Settlement. pg. 6 – 9, XIII, XVI
Women and Culture: Yoruba Women vs. American Women Folarin (A)
Women vary from culture to culture. Their ideas, perceptions, and mannerisms are often determined by their cultural environment. Yoruba and American women serve as perfect paradigms of females who are socialized in accordance with their culture. An analysis of how these two different groups interact with their surroundings will reveal the effect that cultural environment has on a woman’s role in the society.
One can first observe the differences between the two female groups early in childhood. At this point American women are being socialized to be slender,
pretty, and marry their prince charming. Many young American girls have boyfriends as early as age nine. Meanwhile young Yoruba girls are learning about work from their mothers and older siblings. One huge difference which reflects different patterns of socialization is evident in body image. American women often complain and worry about their weight, but not Yoruba women.
Yoruba culture does not pressure it’s female members to fit any sort of weight requirement. In fact, it is rare to hear a Yoruba women complain about her
weight. Yoruba men are said to prefer plump women. A woman in the US who is considered “plump” would most likely feel inferior to her slimmer counterparts. To be called slim, or tinrin, may be considered an insult in Yorubaland. The difference in the type of body image requirements that these two groups live with is a direct result of their cultural socialization.
Yoruba and American women also vary greatly when it comes to courting and marriage. It is extremely common for American women to date. Dating
provides them opportunities for finding a mate. Co-habitation and pre-martial sex are also common in American society. Dating is only common among the educated or college individuals in Yoruba society. This is because they are the ones most influenced by western culture and society. Pre-marital sex and co-habitation are both things which (now) occur in Yoruba culture, but are considered very taboo. Many Yoruba women find their husbands through arranged marriage. Parents play a large role in determining who their daughter marries in Yorubaland.
Cultural differences are responsible for the variations between Yoruba and American women. This is most evident when a Yoruba woman comes to live in
the US She often adapts the mannerisms and actions of a typical American women. She may assimilate to what is the norm in American society. The same can occur when an American woman enters the Yoruba culture, but it is not as likely. This is mainly because many women who have experienced the freedom America offers have trouble returning to more restrictive societies.
In general American women are more independent and career oriented than Yoruba women. This is not to say Yoruba women don’t like independence, they just are more family oriented. Yoruba culture revolves around the family unit. American society has somewhat lost that family stability. Family stability is also reflected in the divorce rates of these two cultures. America has 50% divorce rate. Nigeria, where Yoruba people are found, has a 5% divorce rate. Nigerians place a greater deal of emphasis on keeping the family together. Yoruba women often sacrifice for family harmony.
Finally, Yoruba women and American women are both direct results of their socialization and culture. Their attitudes and general actions reflect those which are considered the norm in their different societies.
April 11, 2008 at 11:13 am | edit Cathy,Sister more on Yoruba family and women’s role from this Univ. of Georgia Yoruba Studies programme:
Nigerian (Yoruba) Traditional Family Structure Kolade
Purpose of the Paper
This paper provides an account of sex role differences in the Nigerian household (focusing primarily on farming). The paper focuses on the division of labor, income, and financial obligations.
Introduction
There are several reasons why sex role differences are particularly relevant within the context of the Sub-Saharan. First , a variety of studies indicate that the chief constraint on agricultural production in this region is labor availability at critical times of the year. Labor bottlenecks manifest themselves during peak farming periods when several operations such as planting, ridging, thinning, and weeding must be performed simultaneously. Labor availability to meet these peak requirements places a limit on the amount of land that a family can farm and on the ability of a farming household to adopt labor-increasing technologies.
These problems relating to the availability and seasonality of farm labor can be illustrated by sex role differences. In most areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, cultural traditions have created a sharp sexual division of labor in the household. Men and women typically control different crops and carry out different tasks. For example, women might do all the weeding and men might do all the planting or harvesting. These difference in task account for the substantial differences in the amount of time spent by each sex on farm and household labor.
Second, in addition to their different labor roles, women and men in the African farming household typically have different sources of income and different financial responsibilities. Each gender’s sources of assets and income are generally linked to their different obligations and labor roles. Women are frequently responsible for their own and their children’s food and clothing, and women’s contribution to their family’s nutrition may be crucial at certain times of the year. Men’s earnings frequently go toward large farming and family expenses and toward their own personal expenses.
For instance, a woman earns and controls income from yams, a crop from which she performs most of her labor. A woman uses yam to feed her family, and she then uses the proceeds from the sale of surplus yams to meet other responsibilities of household expenses. Men earn and control income from millet and rice, crops which are used for home consumption but which are also important market crops. Different sources of income and financial responsibilities can mean a lack of incentive for one sex to contribute labor to crop production that financially benefits the other sex. Different returns to labor for each sex can also cause labor bottlenecks in the face of conflict over labor allocations. For example, if women who are typically responsible for producing food crops for home consumption should increase their labor in cash crop production, which is frequently a male income-earning activity.
While there is much variation, women have important roles in food production in Sub-Saharan Africa, and in some areas they are the primary producers. Women are estimated to perform 60 to 80 percent of all agricultural work and to provide up to 70 percent of the region’s food. In Nigeria, women have historically had important roles in food processing and petty trading. They have also contributed to food production and this role is now increasing, with male migration to urban areas considered to be crucial factor in this regard. In Nigeria the importance of women’s roles in agriculture and the sharp differences between male and female roles suggest that to increase farm production and productivity. Both male and female farmers are needed.
The HouseHold
The different Nigerian groups live in compounds. The compounds are made up of huts, between three and forty in a compound. The number of people living in a compound varies, with the average being seventeen members. The living in the compound form an extended patrilineal polygamous family consisting of a compound head, his wife or wives, their children, unmarried adult daughters, adult sons and their wives and children. The size of the farm reflects the amount of agriculturally active people in the compound. The head has control of land and the size of the fields of each person in the compound. In practice, discussion of all the land takes place with all the male members present. The ranking of the co-wives and the age of household members are among the factors that affect one’s status within the household.
The family is characterized by the extended family sytems. The central purpose of marriage is to have children. In addition to parents’ own children, relatives children are often adopted in order to demonstrated their concern and regard for the family members. The practice of polygamy is wide spread among most of the groups in Nigeria. However, a man’s multiple wives are not the only adults living in the household. Other adults such as aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins, older half-brothers and sisters or distance relatives with challenging life situations. When all the children are added to the total number of adults living in the family, a picture of a very large extended family comes to mind.
Parent-Child Relationships
The manner in which Nigerian parents care for their children varies greatly in different regions. The method of child care is dependent upon several factors. If the family is very poor and the mother has to work some distance from the house, other members of the family, such an older brother of sister, aunt, cousin, or grandmother will care for the children while the mother is away during the day. Another variation of this kind of child care is that when the family is poor, they may send some of their children to more prosperous relatives living in other towns of villages. This may occur even if the family is not indigent. In such instances, the motive is to unite family ties more solidly. Although this traditional adoption method of raising children is still popular in the present day, modern families are beginning to become more wealthy and educated and seem not to practice this as much as in the past. This probably has to do with families being more well to do than they were in the past. Therefore, some do not see the need as their parents did.
But in general, children’s reactions during adoption is no different than here in the United States. Some children may feel loneliness at first and some run away from their new guardians. Which proves children are children in all cultures and walks of life. Nearly 75 per cent of children are raised by their biological mother. The others are accounted for through divorce and simply being raised by other family members. About half of the mothers are housewives who spent nearly all their time engaged in household activities. On the other hand the other half were engaged in other occupations in addition to their regular home activities. Most were engaged in petty trading, about 26 per cent. Some spent time in farming, about 17 per cent, and others in cloth weaving and miscellaneous activities. These were all done to supplement the family income.
Since Nigeria is a predominantly agricultural country, most of the male population is engaged in farming and related agricultural activities, including raising sheep, goats, and fowl. Nearly half of all the fathers were farmers. Trading and civil service jobs were mentioned next most often. When the mother does work away from home, the elder sister or brother may be given responsibility of caring for the small children while the mother is away. It is not strange to see one year old baby strapped to the back of a ten, eleven, of twelve year old sibling who is caring for the child until the mother returns. Thus in contrast to American families in which the parents are in most cases the sole family members who take care of the children after they pick them up from day-care of some kind. In Nigeria many members of the family engage in the care process of the children. This includes social actions, toilet training, cleanliness, and habits.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Nigerian families are generally more involved in the rearing of children. The father is usually the primary income supplier in the family with the mother doing extra or smaller jobs to supplement the entire family income. Families are closer together, as extended family members live in the same household. This makes the whole family closer in their relationship, and everyone takes on a role in raising the same children. Unlike the households in the US, were there are typically no extended families unless a family member gets ill, the Nigerian households seems to welcome more family members in and all of them have some responsibility in the household. The Nigerian family structure is typically an extended family with everyone doing what best benefits the entire family.
Yoruba Traditional Marriage Olufemi (Abo)
Introduction
Yoruba marriage customs have been greatly influenced by contact with other cultures, but the Yorubas have nevertheless retained their own individual traditions and methods. In Nigeria today, there are four main types of marriage: traditional, marriage by mutual consent, a gift-bride, and the levirate. There are three major religions: traditional, Christian, and Muslim, and each type of wedding can be adapted to one or all of the religions. Some weddings may be only legal and not religious at all. Traditional Yoruba weddings, which may be adapted to Christianity or Islam, are arranged by the parents of the individuals who are to be married. The bride and groom are betrothed for several years. There is an exchange of bride wealth, gifts that the groom’s family gives to his fiancee’s family. There is an elaborate system of gift-giving and expectations of all the parties involved. Although contact with Europe and the Middle East has greatly influenced Yoruba culture, many of the traditional methods and expectations of marriage exist today.
Yoruba Traditional Marriage
In Yoruba culture, nearly everyone marries. Traditionally, Yorubas practice both monogamy and polygamy, but the latter is the most common of the two. Although western contact has changed customs and rituals in every area to some extent, in some ways traditional beliefs about marriage remain intact in Yorubaland, even though they are now expressed in different ways. There were several purposes, traditionally, for marriage. One of the most important was creating ties between families. According to Mann (1985), Yoruba marriage is “a union of lineages, not individuals” (p. 37). Traditional marriages were arranged, and they did not necessarily involve love or romance at all, but they joined two separate families as well as providing for children and starting a man in his own life, separate from his father.
For the man involved, marriage had many advantages. It enabled him to have (legitimate) children, and it provided him with domestic help. In modern times, only a few men choose to stay single, and they are mostly Christian in religion rather than traditional or Muslim. For the woman, marriage provided financial security (although women had their own incomes and might even be richer than their husbands), and social status. However, some Yorubas could not easily marry. Since marriage affects one’s extended family and relatives as much as oneself, families make extensive inquiries about a potential mate for their sons and daughters. If a person could be a carrier of a hereditary disease, or if one had a severe physical or mental problem, such as insanity, leprosy, or epilepsy, one might be unable to marry.
Remarriage and Alternative Weddings
As with most parts of Nigeria, there are four main types of marriage in Yorubaland: traditional, marriage by mutual consent, giving a bride as a gift, and levirate. Each type may be adapted to some or all of the major Yoruba religions: traditional religion, Christianity, and Islam. Traditional marriages are the only native type, and the other three came with modern influence and religion. The first is the traditional arranged marriage ceremony involving betrothal, bride wealth, and so forth. This type of marriage can be adapted to traditional, Christian, or Muslim religion. The Muslim marriage is not extremely different from the traditional one, described in detail throughout the rest of this paper. A Christian wedding is sometimes popular because the wedding ceremony itself involves a lot more pomp and celebration than a traditional wedding. Christian weddings include the exchange of vows and rings, a wedding cake, a ceremony in an elaborately decorated church, and a party after the ceremony. However, Christian weddings are also unpopular because they are by law monogamous.
The second type of wedding is an informal one by mutual consent of the individuals involved. This is becoming more common in modern times. These weddings can also be Christian or sometimes Muslim or just legal and non religious. They usually do not involve as much ceremony as the first type, nor do they always involve the payment of bride wealth to the girl’s family. Courting for this type of marriage is done directly by the parties involved, usually with their parent’s consent, and not by intermediaries as is traditional.
The third type, a gift, is usually a Muslim wedding and not Christian or traditional. If a girl is troublesome or wild, or if a girl’s father wishes to show special honor to a friend, he may give his daughter as a gift to a husband with no exchange of dowry. Her father may do this to show his generosity. He may also do it to bring her under control in the close supervision of her husband’s home and his older wives. The fourth type of marriage is called the levirate. If a woman’s husband dies, she may be given over to the care of another family member, such as a brother or cousin of the husband. If she does not like the man who is to inherit her, she can sue for divorce. This type of marriage can be Muslim or traditional, but not Christian.
Finding a Spouse
Traditional weddings in the past were always arranged by the families of the bride and groom. The family ensured that the marriage was appropriate and socially acceptable, and it went to great lengths to make certain that the marriage was a good match and would be happy and prosperous. However, its efforts were focused more on the general acceptability of the prospective mate than on his or her specific desirability for the son or daughter for whom they sought a spouse. The family of a young man begins to seek his wife usually after he goes through puberty. Girls could be betrothed between the ages of five and ten but not married off until when they have passed puberty around their late teen or early twenties.
For a man’s first marriage, his parents and extended family makes the arrangements, found the girl, and paid the bride-price. For later marriages, he does it for himself, or his senior wife might do it. A family seeking a wife for one of its sons had several considerations. They sought a girl who lived close enough for the union to be convenient and who was healthy and came from a good, responsible, healthy family. They could not marry their son to a blood relative, even a distant one. They also sought a girl with good parents. They inquired about her mother’s character, assuming the girl was likely to turn out like her mother. They also avoided a girl whose parents were immoral (for then she might be the same) or careless with money (for a man could be saddled with his father-in-law’s debts).
Once a boy’s parents found a girl they considered suitable, an intermediary approached the girl’s family. Her parents then make the same inquiries about his family, searching for any relationship to themselves, for diseases, and anything else that could make the marriage unsuccessful, unproductive, or a liability to the family. If the results of these inquiries were unfavorable, the girl’s parents would not say so directly, but they would consult the Ifa priest. Then they would tell the parents of the young man that the divination was unfavorable, and that would end it. If, on the other hand, the family was acceptable, this response would be communicated through an intermediary, and the engagement was sealed by payment of the ijowun, a gift from the man’s family to the girl’s and the first installment of the bride wealth.
Today, the vast majority of Yorubas no longer practice arranged marriages. Western contact has influenced them so that most marriages are based on the choice of the individuals involved. Parents approve of one’s choice and pay a bride-price (Delano, 1937: 121). This is the second type of marriage, marriage by mutual consent.
Betrothal
Throughout the betrothal period, which lasted 10-15 years, until the girl was about 20, the girl called the man her oko, husband, and he called her his iyawo, bride. She was not permitted to meet or speak to her husband or to members of his family, except in some Yoruba groups which allow the groom to pay an extra bride-price fee: owo ibasuro, money for speaking. This is not a very widespread custom; for the most part, traditionally, engaged couples did not overtly interact at all.
The bride-price was usually paid in two installments, the ijowun and the idana. The ijowun consisted of pepper, kolas, beer, wine, gin, bitter kola, and honey. It was paid when the girl’s parents accepted the man for their daughter, and it legally sealed the engagement. The second installment, the idana, included the same things as the ijowun plus some cloth wrappers. Bride-wealth could also be paid in three installments: the engagement sealing, “love money” paid before the girl’s third year of puberty, when she became marriageable, and “wife money” paid just before the wedding.
On the days when dowry payments were sent, the households of both the man and the girl feasted and celebrated separately all day. When delegates from the groom arrived with the dowry, the girl’s family would carefully examine all the articles to see if any were defective. If they were, they would be returned to be exchanged. Sometimes the delegates would bring replacement articles in case of such an event. If the items were acceptable, the girl would be asked if the payment should be accepted, and she would answer yes. Then the dowry was received, and the delegates who brought it were given gifts. The girl’s family would beat drums to indicate that the items were good, and then the dancing in that household would begin.
There were, in traditional times, professional dowry bearers. They would receive a gift for their services from both families. When they came to the girl’s house with the dowry, they would say, ” We spied a red rose in your garden, and we come to pick it.” The girl’s father would reply that they had no red rose for the guests. This would continue for a while until the dowry bearers were invited inside and the dowry was accepted or refused. When the dowry had been accepted, the bearers, after receiving a gift, would return home singing, ” We won our case, certainly. They gave us a daughter, certainly ” (Delano, 1937: 127-128). Bride wealth is also paid for a Christian marriage, but it is done a little differently. Christian weddings in Nigeria used to take place on Thursday, and the entire dowry payment is made on the previous Tuesday at an engagement party. However, most marriages, including christian ones are now done on Saturday. Also, the articles are the same as for a traditional wedding, but Christian grooms also give the girl’s family a Bible and a gold ring.
The dowry was not, for the most part, retained by either the girl or her family. The cloth wrappers of the idana went to the girl, and her father might keep a bottle of wine from either or both of the dowry payments. The rest of the items were distributed to the girl’s friends and to clubs of which she was a member. If she was involved in many groups and had many friends, each might only receive a small gift, such as one kola nut.
Bride wealth served several important purposes. Legally, it was the most important factor to be settled in the event of a divorce: to divorce her husband, a woman must return his bride wealth. It represented the commitment to the marriage by both individuals and their families, and it was a safeguard against breaking that commitment. It kept the wife from cheating on or disrespecting her husband because it would have to be repaid for her to leave him. It also prevented the husband from mistreating his wife because he had made a large financial investment in her. Finally, the bride-price legally established the woman’s husband as the father of her children. .A proverb about this says, ” One who does not own a kola tree cannot have its fruit ” (Bascom, 1969: 60).
When a woman reached marriageable age (the third year of puberty), her body was decorated with beauty marks by a surgeon. Her fiancee was required to pay for this and to provide the necessary materials, such as oil, dye, etc. This was also a hint to the bridegroom to go ahead and set a date for the wedding. He did this also through his intermediary, and he was required to show eagerness for the date to be sooner rather than later.
Relatives
A groom-to-be had many obligations to fulfill to his in-laws in addition to paying the bride-price. He had to pay annual gifts of the best of his farm’s produce to them. This was not a hardship as these gifts were always very small. He also was required to be available to help his father-in-law with manual labor and farmwork if he were asked. When his father-in-law asks him for help, which was done most often in building and rebuilding houses, the groom would go to help along with his egbe, his group of friends and age mates. They would spend the day working on the father-in-law’s farm, doing whatever was asked of them. Also, sons-in-law were responsible for giving gifts and services on special occasions, particularly upon the death of the old relatives or grandparents of his wife or fiancee.
For this, one might suspect that the Yorubas would often prefer daughters to sons. Sons-in-law are always required to be respectful and helpful to his wife’s family. Fadipe says, “to have many daughters is to have many people to call into one’s service” (1970: 77). If a groom-to-be fails to fulfill his obligations to his fiancee’s family, the engagement may be broken off, the dowry returned, and a more resourceful suitor sought.
Wedding Ceremonies
Compared to the large celebrations associated with dowry payments, the traditional wedding ceremony was often a fairly quiet affair, but it still involves much celebration. On the morning of her wedding day, the bride was bathed and dressed by her father’s wives. Then she went to her parents and was received with honor and outward display of respect by them for the first time in her life. Her father would greet her and bless her. Then her mother, weeping, would also bless her and talk to her about married life and home management. Both mother and daughter would weep and embrace and say their first farewells. The girl then spent most of the day quietly in her room with her best friends while the rest of the household danced and feasted.
Towards evening, the household would sit in assembly with the head of the household presiding. He would call for the bride to come in to them because the family had decided to give her in marriage that day. She came in with her face covered and was lectured again about married life. Then came the ekun iyawo, the bride’s cry/weeping. She would say some moving farewell sentences that she had memorized to her mother, family, and friends. She would weep a great deal, as would everyone else.
Then the wedding procession would leave for the groom’s house. This consisted of the bride, four young men of her father’s house, her egbe (age mates), four wives of her extended family, and her bridesmaid (usually a niece or first cousin). When they arrive at his home, the groom’s senior wife, if he had one, or the last wife in the groom’s extended family, would welcome the bride and walk her in on her shoulder. The leader of the four young men would greet the family and deliver the bride’s father’s message: that she should have many children, that she should not go hungry or do exactly as she wished, that she was inexperienced and not always agreeable and could be chastised if she caused offense. Then she was handed over to her father-in-law.
If she was not the first wife of her husband, she was adopted during her betrothal by one of his senior wives. This wife, who carried her into their husband’s home, also washed her feet with water holding money, so she would be rich, and with an infusion of leaves, so she would bear children. Then she went to her husband’s room. There was very little rejoicing in his household until she was found to be a virgin. If she was, the proof of it was sent to her family the next day with a message of thanks for preserving her for her husband. If not, a symbolic message, such as a half-full jug of palm-wine or a kola nut with holes in it, was sent without a message. The meaning was understood, and the girl remained with her husband but was a disgrace to both families.
Traditionally, a woman had only one wedding ceremony in her life. If her husband died or she was divorced, she could sometimes remarry, but there would be no wedding ceremony. Men, however, could have numerous wedding ceremonies if they married several wives after a betrothal.
Polygamy
Polygamy was traditionally very acceptable and common in Nigeria, and it still is. Girls traditionally married around age 20 and men around age 35, and so, because of mortality rates, there were always more marriageable women than men. Nearly everyone in Yorubaland marries, and most men marry several wives. For men, plural wives are status symbol, indicating the possession of wealth, and wives also enable men to have more children. There are advantages for women in the system as well, for wives share chores with one another and status with their husbands. However, in more modern times, polygamy is decreasing in popularity, partly because of women’s liberation attitudes and partly because of the expense of supporting such a large family.
Within a polygamous marriage, there is usually little or no jealousy among the wives. Each has a certain status with respect to the others, and each has her own responsibilities, duties, and privileges. Younger wives are responsible for child care and usually for the more unpleasant household tasks. Older wives are often traders or businesswomen and sometimes travel extensively. Junior wives must always show respect to senior wives in a compound, and this seniority is determined not by age but by date of marriage. When a man marries a new wife, she is responsible for the most unpleasant jobs for the first year or so. If she sees another wife working, she must offer to help, and if her offer is refused, she must be persistent and offer several times. Usually, the senior wife eventually gives in to her.
Divorce
Traditionally, divorce in Yorubaland was very rare. The husband’s family with whom the couple lived acted to soothe arguments, and the presence of children who belonged to her husband helped prevent a woman from seeking a divorce. Because of polygamy, men had little incentive for divorcing wives. However, even in the past women sometimes divorced their husbands for reasons of excessive abuse, habitual laziness, drunkenness, or infectious disease. Or, if a woman’s husband died, she could divorce the family if she did not want to go to the man who was to inherit her.
Even today, when divorce is much more common than it used to be, the process is essentially the same. The important issue is repaying the husband his bride-price. A divorce court investigates to determine exactly how much was paid, and someone must pay the husband that amount in order for his wife to divorce him. If his wife leaves him for another man, the new man pays the bride-price, and she becomes his wife.
In the past, a woman might seek a divorce because of extreme cruelty, and she would go to the king’s palace and take hold of one of the pillars. If her husband found her there, he could not touch her. If a man wanted a wife, he could go there and pick one. He would then pay a clerk an agreed-upon price and take her home as his wife. Modern marriages are more likely to end in divorce. When a Christian marriage divorced, under British law the husband had to pay his wife alimony. Sometimes women took advantage of this, divorcing their husbands just to get alimony.
In Yorubaland, the modern world has influenced every area of life, and marriage and families are no exception. The Yoruba culture is flexible and resilient and has changed without being destroyed. Today, Nigerian culture is a colorful blend of African, European, and Arabic traditions. Although the traditional methods of engagement and marriage are fading out, the Yorubas put a native twist on every tradition they adopt, and their heritage continues to influence the cultures that influence it.
April 11, 2008 at 11:01 pm | edit Ese, Sister I don’t know you but I feel a direct connection to you already. If am not being too forward, may I have your phone number to speak with directly or of that is not condusive can you tell me when you will most likely be online so we can chat a bit. I looked at the time difference when I submitted my request and thought maybe you were in Europe. However I will really want to be able to communicate with you.
April 12, 2008 at 4:06 pm | edit Cathy,Sister,I am in Nigeria. I will send you my phone number. Marriage is a very important topic and as a Grandmother I have advised many people on marrying their God given partners(and ofcourse my children who have married successfully) so I feel this is God’s plan for me to consel on that and BLACK things to uplift the race!
April 15, 2008 at 4:24 am | edit Sis Yeye, Ese. .
April 17, 2008 at 10:28 pm | edit Sis yeye, Bawoni? I tried calling your number a few times today after 9pm today, and it did not go through. I emailed you and did not get a response, is everthing ok? please write back. Ese.
May 1, 2008 at 6:52 am | edit hi ;
i have a yourba engagement,i met him when i was in another country and he is christian but i’m muslem and speak english with him but i saw him once and fall in love with him we are going to visit his family in Lagos and i started to learn Yourba language as well, but a problem is i cant trust him really and he called me his wife (iyawomi), i really eager to know him more and his culture because we are going to get wedding ceremony in there so i think it’s better i know about him more and is it relayable relationship because i think he loves me but i cant decide really about him because i’m white and he is black and we have abvious differences
could u please help me because we love eachother but is it possible for us to marry and have family
May 10, 2008 at 9:34 am | edit TO MICHAEL:
I love you = Mo ni ife re
May 18, 2008 at 6:31 am | edit To Fahimeh,
Yoruba’s are the best people you can meet anywhere in the world. However your case seem to be that of marriage. You have to make up your mind if you would accept him and his people. Unlike what happens in Europe ( I hope you are an European) yorubas marry a wife into their family. In other words, you are not just marrying your husband you must be accepted into his family and must always respect the family values.
Again if you think you can cope with his religion then that’s fine.
I know of whites who married to Nigerians and are living with them in Nigeria. So there is nothing new in that.
Its up to you to make up your mind.
June 11, 2008 at 8:41 am | edit very nice post indeed
July 10, 2008 at 4:13 am | edit Greetings,
I make sekeres to sell on my website. A customer has requested that I make a sekere for him that he will be dedicating to his mother who recently passed away. He wants me to name the instrument after one of the orisas. Based on the colors he has chosen and the fact that his mother had been a dancer, I decided to name it after Yeye Osun. I have come up with several names, but I don’t feel confident about any of the translations.
Can you please help me translate the following:
Blessed by Osun
Gift from Osun
Music for Osun
We will have a ittle ceremony to officially name the sekere asking Osun to find favor in the instrument. Feel free to add any suggestions you may have. Thank you in advance for your help.
July 25, 2008 at 2:29 pm | edit Fabunmi, E ma binu(don’t be annoyed)! My ore(friend) tells me:
Osunbunmi=gift of Osun
Osunbukunmi=blessing from Osun
Orinosun=music from Osun
July 30, 2008 at 8:41 pm | edit i really appreciate this. i hope you people keep it up
August 15, 2008 at 2:34 am | edit Eku ‘se,Eku ‘se,Eku’se…I thank the Spirits for leading me here. I am new to the internet and there is much I don’t know. I am in need of translation of a prayer I came across yesterday…”Iba Araiye. Iba Eyin BaBa Wa. Iba awon Iya Mi Osoronga. Ologinni Oru. Ki iba ‘se. Ise ti e ran mi ni mo wa je. Etutu mi ni ti ki e ba mi gbaa. Bi ekolo ba juba ire. Ile Ayanu. Bi e mi e yo mo mi. Sese omode yo me ye sese”…I would appreciate any and all assistance………………………………….Adupe-O Songojoko Adeyemo
October 21, 2008 at 12:40 pm | edit Dear Sogonjoko,
I like to make an attempt to translate the prayer for you, (if it has not been translated), hope it meets your need:
Iba Araiye – Homage to Earthly Dwellers
Iba Eyin BaBa Wa – Homage to our Forefathers
Iba awon Iya Mi Osoronga – Homage to Mother Witches
Ologinni Oru – The Midnight Prowlers,
Ki iba ’se – May my homage be accepted.
Ise ti e ran mi ni mo wa je – I’ve come to deliver the message you sent me,
Etutu mi ni yi ki e ba mi gbaa – This is my sacrifice, accept it of me.
Bi ekolo ba juba ile – If earthworm pay homage to the earth,
Ile Ayanu – The earth will open.
Bi e ri mi e yo mo mi – If you see me, receive me joyfully,
Sese omode yo me ye sese”… – Joyfully, children receives birds, Joyfully …
December 5, 2008 at 1:39 pm | edit Lola,Sister E se gan! Oluwa aran yin lowo. Ase!
June 25, 2009 at 3:59 am | edit ADUPE ! ADUPE ! ADUPE – O !!!
It has taken me a long time to get back to this site…actually I forgot about my request for the translation . Me , my Ancestors and SONGO KAWO KABIYESI thank you for your generousity and knowledge…you have been a blessing for us with your gift.
ABUSI SONGO
Iya Songo
November 9, 2008 at 2:56 am | edit what is the english translation of Kokoro Agbon….it is supposed to be ant/insect that is a unisex(?). I heard it in an islamic song that says that the ant/insect (koro has no male or female but molds on trees and houses.
January 5, 2009 at 3:39 pm | edit wale,
Agbon= coconut
kokoro=insect
coconut insect
December 9, 2008 at 9:01 pm | edit Kine tola, ki i wo to la, adia fun won ni Igannan Osinsin abu fun won ni Iganan Ofiki Nigbati ni ki won se, nje ofiki kan ko san ko re ko ja o we oo, Omi ti emi o mu, ko ku ni san gb’enu eni lo o. Asé ( translation englis )
December 9, 2008 at 9:03 pm | edit eyonu translation,???
December 30, 2008 at 3:18 pm | edit I will response next
February 24, 2009 at 8:09 am | edit what does IPIN mean- ipin as in what comes out of the eye, like a mucor
February 28, 2009 at 7:46 am | edit I need a translation for the following desperately:
Adura wa a gba ninu odun yi, oluwa a si duro ti wa, Eyi fun ara wa ati fun awon omo. Ko ni re wa o. E ba ni ki gbogbo ebi.
Thanks
March 4, 2009 at 12:30 pm | edit i love the site but i cannot download
April 25, 2009 at 9:08 pm | edit kin ni itumo ipin ati iseda, pelu oriki lede Geesi ?
Gbo awa omo kaaro ojire Oluwa yoo wa pelu wa
July 20, 2010 at 3:40 pm | edit ipin – means the white mucus that comes out of the eyes
ipin – in another pronounciation also means, your ‘portion’, your ‘inheritance’
May 13, 2009 at 9:01 am | edit Could you help me do a study of “LIFE” in Yoruba and Afro-Asiatic?
May 25, 2009 at 9:22 am | edit kokoro agbon is not cocnut insect but a type of insect that stings
May 25, 2009 at 9:24 am | edit you have said the meaning of ipin. it is the dirt that comes out of the eye
June 9, 2009 at 12:03 pm | edit please, I want to download a softcopy of Yoruba-English dictionary but I couldn’t just do it, I need somebody to help me
Cheers
July 14, 2009 at 3:07 pm | edit waoh, this is a lovely site, i enjoyed the whole posts.
please can i get the download of herbs in yoruba with its english translation, ill realy appreciate it as am working on something presently that requires my using a list of nigerian herbs & all herbs in general both in english translated to yoruba, ibo or hause. thanks.
September 13, 2009 at 4:13 pm | edit Im coming from Indonesia and my bf is Nigerian -Yoruba..
i really want to learn Yoruba languange..
coz i love it..please kindly share with me..
thanks for your kindness
God bless u
November 5, 2009 at 10:19 am | edit hello.
please what is the english name of a ball-like mammal. it has a skin that is all covered with spikes. it withdraws its head to look like a ball. we call it LI-N-LI in my native language. kindly reply.
December 4, 2009 at 1:55 pm | edit Love this idea. Does the dictionary have names of herbs? This is the main reason I want to download. Thanks a bill…
December 11, 2009 at 9:22 am | edit love is on the way
December 12, 2009 at 7:14 pm | edit what does igbaoru mean in english.
July 20, 2010 at 3:48 pm | edit igba means time
oru – between late night and early morning i.e., 12am – 4am.
December 12, 2009 at 7:16 pm | edit my dad keeps using the word on me…”i’ll give u a gift if u can tell me what igbaoru means
December 13, 2009 at 2:24 pm | edit STEVEN, my Yoruba helpers say it has 2 meanings-
l.”evening time”
2.”The calabash is not destroyed”
December 28, 2009 at 7:19 am | edit Pls, am olawale base in the gambia. i really need youba dictionary software at least for my mobile phone because there re alot of word the i found it so difficult to translate to english. i will be more than very greatful if you can help me with this. thanks
January 2, 2010 at 10:27 pm | edit olawale gbenga: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaT8Wmfx4gk for info on typing yoruba on a phone
January 13, 2010 at 9:59 am | edit PEOPLE SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO READ AND HAVE YORUBA DICTIONARY IN THEIR ACHAIVES
January 19, 2010 at 8:43 am | edit when i discovered how far my language has travelled, i was excited about it! I just wish that the Nigerian Government can inculcate the three major languages in Nigeria to form just one which will be spoken all over Nigeria. it could be called “NIGERIANA” or something close to that. Long live NIGERIA!
March 17, 2010 at 12:06 pm | edit please i need ‘ oriki IWO’
e ba mi fi sowo sinu e mail address mi
e se pupo
May 25, 2010 at 12:50 pm | edit pls i want yoruba dictionary and i can’t find one in my village pls can i ask question on yoruba translation
May 25, 2010 at 12:53 pm | edit ejo se ele owe yoruba ranse pelu itumo
June 9, 2010 at 6:52 pm | edit Stayin’ alive, stayin’ alive.
Ah, ha, ha, ha, stayin’ alive, stayin’ alive.
Ah, ha, ha, ha, stayin’ alive.
August 1, 2010 at 2:14 am | edit nice post and execelent blog
August 8, 2010 at 6:42 pm | edit e dakun,nibo ni moti le ri dictionary yoruba ra
September 8, 2010 at 9:48 am | edit Good day, please I so much have interest in Yoruba Dictionary and I want to download it on my phone.Please how can I do that. Thanks for assisting people in the Language and promoting the Language globally.
September 30, 2010 at 5:13 pm | edit Infact, i was so happy by the time i saw this on the net. Thanks for uniting nations. keep it up.
October 10, 2010 at 8:30 pm | edit pls I want software of yoruba dictionary and the manual, it’s a matter of urgent and i will appreciate if you can send to this address. noblefestus2@yahoo.co.uk. or my Address at No: 11 Aguma Street Ogbunabali Garrison Portharcourt Rivers State Nigeria.
November 4, 2010 at 12:19 am | edit pls i need procedure on how to download yoruba dictioary on my phone. I really need it.
December 14, 2010 at 9:54 am | edit WHO CAN I SAVED AND DOWN YORUBA -ENGLISH
December 15, 2010 at 12:45 pm | edit Ki Oluwa Olodumare bukun gbogbo awon eda, i se okunrin ni, i se obinrin ni, ki apa k’o ma kun yin. Pelu inu didun ati ara’ya ni mo fi we titi mo fi de agbami yi. Ara mi ya.
Emi na ti ngba ni ero fun’gba die lati se idasile iru aye yi ti yoo ma gbe asa ati ise awa Yoruba laruge. Ki Olorun wa pelu yin o. Ese. Ki eko ati igbega ti o n ti odo yin wa lori ede, asa ati ise Yoruba ma te siwaju.
December 17, 2010 at 3:29 am | edit Hola Jacob Olatunji Adeoye
Would you be able to help me translate this into english?
Eledumare a gba e lowo and mo ri e
Thank you
July 13, 2012 at 12:01 pm edit May God blee all mankind, male or female. May you not be frustrated, its with happiness that i av surfed through before geting here. am very healthy.
I had the thought also to create a forum like this that would further boost the image of youruba language and culture. May God be with you. May the knowledge that comes from you and the strenght you’ve been using in doing this keep growing.
January 3, 2011 at 3:49 pm | edit I need a yoruba english dictionary urgently.You are kindly requested to send it through this address leyetooki@yahoo.co.uk installable on mobile phone.
January 12, 2011 at 12:17 pm | edit pls i also need procedure on how to download yoruba dictioary on my phone.
January 14, 2011 at 5:37 am | edit This is new for me … much can I take it from there … I’m glad to learn several foreign languages … and now the language of Yoruba,, tell me .. what should one say when he fell in love …
January 18, 2011 at 1:02 pm | edit Is very good to have yoruba dictionary, it really help to improve in speaking and help to talk parable. thanks for this.
January 19, 2011 at 1:36 pm | edit IT INCREASE KNOWLEDGE SO THERE 4 I LIKE IT
.!!!
January 21, 2011 at 7:59 pm | edit THIS IS REALLY A JOB WELL DONE.PLEASE MY FELOW NIGERIANS DO REMEMBER THE ORIGIN OF YORUBA”S “AM PROUD TO BE OMO ODUA”..LONG LIVE ILE-IFE,LONG OSUN STATE, LONG LIVE NIGERIA.
January 29, 2011 at 3:03 am | edit this is a job well done, ki Olorun tu bo ma ran yin lowo
March 1, 2011 at 8:31 am | edit Thanks a million – you are a true born of your people. May their grace be on thee. Ase.
March 18, 2011 at 8:34 pm | edit It is a must for all the Yorubas to keep for the future generation.
March 25, 2011 at 12:26 pm | edit E jowo, mo ma nilo dictionary yoruba,nibo ni mo ti le rii?
March 31, 2011 at 1:19 pm | edit Всем Доброе утро! Отдохните,заходите ко мне и читайте смешные анекдоты.
April 8, 2011 at 1:54 pm | edit Pls i want to download english and yoruba dictionary on my LG GW305 phone.
April 8, 2011 at 9:47 pm | edit Каждому Доброе утро! Заходите на wmr-wmb.ru заработок в сети | заработок 2011 | вид материалов для ucoz| рипы и адаптации| авторские статьи| авторегер почты|обзоры новинок|заработок на кликах.
April 26, 2011 at 8:51 am | edit i NEED THE YORUBA TRANSLATION TEXTBOOK PLS
HOW DO I GET IT
June 14, 2011 at 6:06 pm | edit Bawo ni mose le ri kopi dikisanari yoruba lati odo yin.
June 23, 2011 at 2:15 pm | edit Pls I also need this yoruba dictionary on my phone where and how can I download it I really need it cuz am a real yoruba boy and I can’t afford to forget my mother language. drop to this E-mail sanmi_arins@yahoo.com
July 7, 2011 at 3:45 pm | edit i NEED THIS YORUBA DICTIONARY IN MY E-MAIL BOX
July 7, 2011 at 3:47 pm | edit Please, help me to send it to my E-mail address
July 15, 2011 at 11:15 pm | edit привет народ! Очень надеюсь на вашу помощь, уже пол инета осмотрел. Кто нибудь знает где в россии можно достать шикарный китайский клог HTC Deisre – HDC T9190 ???. Это посути почти Galaxy Ace, но экран больше. Только я его у на с в стране так и не нашел =( С Гонконга долго ждать да и с Paypal связываться не хочу. Вот тут просто его обзор нашел :HDC T9190, но там только на китайский магазин сслыка =(( Кто может помочь – пишите в ЛС или на мыло! Заранее огромное спасибо!
August 16, 2011 at 10:17 pm | edit I am trying to learn Yoruba to surprise my boyfriend who lives in Nigeria. I am of Cuban desent and live in the Florida, U.S.A. So I already have an accent on the english language. I would like to start by saying common sentences like “I love you” I miss you” How are you today” “Love your wife” “You make me so happy” etc. Is there a site I can go to or can someone help me?
August 20, 2011 at 5:09 pm | edit i really need this dictonary as a pan africanist and in tribute to my anceastors
August 26, 2011 at 1:26 pm | edit this is a great site, keep the flag flying….. If u want to learn much of Yoruba adage and their meaning, just search for a group named ”Proverbial adages” on face book and join it………… E ku ise o…… Omo kaaro oo jire
August 26, 2011 at 1:37 pm | edit Kokoro agbon in English simply means wasp ……. Check it in the dictionary . If there is any Yoruba word that is giving u problem i think i can help cause am a full breed Yoruba guy ………. My number : 2348062954499 thanks
August 26, 2011 at 2:50 pm | edit I need the decson in yoruba for nokia mobile phone
August 29, 2011 at 6:31 pm | edit martial arts styles…
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September 9, 2011 at 6:39 pm | edit i dount anytin 2 say. But nigerians mosly a wa omo ka ro oji re let f
October 4, 2011 at 4:38 am | edit True faith comes from knowledge. Find everything you need to know about holy bible…
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October 5, 2011 at 5:46 am | edit I don’t know how to download this document, can you please give me the process involve. Thank
October 20, 2011 at 4:03 pm | edit Is there a way to freely download a Yoruba Dictionary?
It shall be a huge help to me… I can contribute to Yoruba Learning and Christian Evangelism in the African tongue – without stress!
YeyeOlade, Thanks a million, if you’ll help!
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October 28, 2011 at 5:17 pm | edit How to say Welcome to our home, Mr. Idowu! in Yoruba?
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November 11, 2011 at 12:33 pm | edit I want to have yoruba dictionary and the manual on my mobile phone (Nokia 2690), it’s a matter of urgent and i will appreciate if you can send to this address.
4, Hajo Street, Okitipupa, Ondo State. Nigeria.
Mobile Number: +234-703-536-7852
thanks
By Mrs Toyin Daniel
November 11, 2011 at 2:53 pm | edit E MAIL TA AT taintransit@hotmail.com and tell him.
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December 2, 2011 at 4:14 pm | edit i whent to easy for me if i read or to prich samon
December 5, 2011 at 7:48 pm | edit i can speak yoruba but my brother can not say yoruba like me i like yoruba i hate igbo und hausa i live in switzerland i love my lagunage yoruba i shall not live it allow amen i thank my god that give the lagunage i thank god i from nigeria lagos thank.
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December 17, 2011 at 10:58 am | edit For my children and my husband
December 17, 2011 at 2:21 pm | edit Eniafelamo akomoenitofeni
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January 21, 2012 at 4:44 pm | edit Ki Olorun Olodumare ki o wa pelu gbogbo omo Yoruba ati awon ti o nife ede Yoruba. Amin
January 22, 2012 at 8:51 am | edit software selection…
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January 22, 2012 at 10:37 am | edit 4YouTube…
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January 23, 2012 at 1:37 am | edit I want be become a member
January 24, 2012 at 12:44 pm | edit seo report…
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January 25, 2012 at 7:57 am | edit [admission requirements|associate degree nursing program|bridge program|content bridge|educational mobility|nurse program|physical therapist assistant|practical nurse|registered nurse]…
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January 26, 2012 at 4:21 am | edit child support…
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January 27, 2012 at 9:09 pm | edit uppgift…
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February 2, 2012 at 8:05 pm | edit ฟรีโปรแกรม…
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February 3, 2012 at 2:05 pm | edit i need yoruba and english dictionary to download to phone nokia x2-001
February 14, 2012 at 10:33 am | edit i like it so much that is all
February 16, 2012 at 9:59 pm | edit I love it because am yoruba man also an in comming script writer.
February 22, 2012 at 12:51 pm | edit What is english meaning of ‘sekere’
February 27, 2012 at 9:27 pm | edit This a great job and it make proud of my country nigeria, been a yoruba and incoming writer i belived is going asist me in translation. Kudos to yon.
February 28, 2012 at 3:50 pm | edit pronostici scommesse…
[...]YORUBA(FREE DOWNLOAD OF YORUBA DICTIONARY AT FREELANG.NET/DICTIONARY/YOURBA.HTML)! « BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL![...]…
March 2, 2012 at 4:01 pm | edit i really love to download this
March 5, 2012 at 6:19 am | edit I want to learn the language,didnt grow up with my parent, find it difficult to speak and understand
March 5, 2012 at 6:21 am | edit Teach me yoruba language
March 19, 2012 at 10:17 pm | edit Do you want to learn yoruba languge? Yes i can teach you. Let ear from you
March 16, 2012 at 1:50 am | edit claddagh ring…
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March 16, 2012 at 9:19 pm | edit appliances…
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March 19, 2012 at 11:55 pm | edit omo baba
April 2, 2012 at 8:46 am | edit Free Download Daily Update…
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April 21, 2012 at 12:50 pm | edit It’s really hard finding a English-yoruba translator
May 10, 2012 at 6:03 pm | edit pls tel me d yoruba name of agnus castus chasteberry
May 11, 2012 at 5:04 am | edit I ned yoruba pag pls
May 21, 2012 at 7:15 am | edit interactive online iphone android apps solutions ad4d advertisment festival walk mtr hk…
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May 21, 2012 at 7:47 am | edit How can i get the yoruba dictionary software, i need to install it on my system to be able to get the meaning of some English words in Yoruba. These things are not learnt in school
June 1, 2012 at 5:17 am | edit Am very happy 2 hear dis,yoruba is nw universal lang.
June 1, 2012 at 5:19 am | edit Am very happy 2 hear dis,yoruba is nw universal lang. Let enjoy it
June 7, 2012 at 10:31 pm | edit ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????????????.
–?????????????? ?????????, ??????
–??? ??????????????
??????????????
June 10, 2012 at 6:05 am | edit mp3…
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June 14, 2012 at 7:58 pm | edit So nice and interesting dictionary. In a good dialet.
June 15, 2012 at 4:48 am | edit It just the best sit you can think of.
June 30, 2012 at 9:13 am | edit i need to learn and speak yoruba language with ease
July 7, 2012 at 9:55 am | edit please help me with the interpretation of the poem three friends by youruba….pleaseplease????
August 11, 2012 at 9:54 pm | edit i will like 2 learn more language.
August 15, 2012 at 11:04 am | edit what a very good and useful site.
August 17, 2012 at 1:47 pm | edit Howdy! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow you if that would be ok. I’m undoubtedly enjoying your blog and look
forward to new posts.
September 24, 2012 at 4:41 am | edit Hi… I have a friend and he is a Nigerian… He told me this. Se o fe ki a do ara wa? What is the meaning of it. I am just starting to learn Yoruba language. Thank you…
September 26, 2012 at 10:37 pm | edit Hi Steph, a properly brought up young man / gentleman does not say that to any lady!. It literately means ‘do u want us to have sex’ (and my dear, that is me translating it mildly!) A proper yoruba girl will find that so offensive and disrespectful of both her person and her family. You see, we are not only our own persons but also represent our individual families!
September 27, 2012 at 9:56 am | edit Thank you, I’ve just been searching for information about this topic for a long time and yours is the greatest I have came upon till now. But, what concerning the bottom line? Are you certain in regards to the source?
October 2, 2012 at 12:30 pm | edit Excellent post. Keep writing such kind of info on your page.
Im really impressed by your site.
Hi there, You’ve performed a fantastic job. I will definitely digg it and for my part suggest to my friends. I am confident they’ll be benefited from this site.
October 13, 2012 at 8:33 am | edit hi
October 13, 2012 at 6:37 pm | edit Usually I don’t read post on blogs, but I would like to say that this write-up very compelled me to take a look at and do so! Your writing taste has been amazed me. Thank you, very great article.
October 25, 2012 at 1:12 pm | edit I dont how to download this document.
October 31, 2012 at 2:47 pm | edit If your pet (dog or cat) is suffering from tick and flea the ultimate treatment for this is Frontline
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November 9, 2012 at 10:50 am | edit Nice one
November 13, 2012 at 2:25 pm | edit am proud 2 be a yoruba not just that but from the source of yoruba kingdom.
November 25, 2012 at 12:20 pm | edit Ki ni yoruba npe (Ball).
November 30, 2012 at 3:33 pm | edit There is diversity in yoruba languge, based on the various dialects that the language posess and that’s what brings out its beauty.
The dialect of Oyo, Ijesha, Ijebu, Ondo, Owo, Ekiti, Egba, Epe e.t.c. differ from each other but the widely spoken is that oyo.
wish there would be a study on “Yoruba dialects”….. and a dictionary that would serve as a guilde to people wishing to learn.
December 1, 2012 at 10:04 pm | edit I NEED THE TI
December 7, 2012 at 6:20 am | edit how do I get the mobile version of this yoruba dictionary? especially the android version.
December 20, 2012 at 10:18 am | edit [...] a message from Beaumont telling me that my Yoruba dict was being mentioned at the web page "Black is Beautiful". This is a great thing! Do you remember your first visit on Freelang's website? What made you feel [...]
December 28, 2012 at 4:16 pm | edit I REALLY NEED YORUBA DICTIONARY
January 10, 2013 at 6:16 am | edit I like yoruba-english dictionary
January 10, 2013 at 6:24 am | edit I was unable to download. Why?
January 21, 2013 at 7:06 pm | edit OLUWA A JE KIO DARA FUN YIN AMIN
January 27, 2013 at 11:05 am | edit Mo nidi english to yoruba dictionary.
January 29, 2013 at 12:54 pm | edit Hello
February 14, 2013 at 8:33 am | edit I my language,yoruba language is vry sweet.
February 20, 2013 at 4:11 am | edit Beni! O dara pupo gbogbo won Aiye!
February 14, 2013 at 9:06 am | edit Ede ti o dara ni ede-yoruba,E jeki a tesiwaju.Ire o.
February 22, 2013 at 7:20 pm | edit iLOVEYOU
February 22, 2013 at 7:34 pm | edit I want to lear more in yoruba language
February 24, 2013 at 3:11 am | edit If the image of that is disgusting, then so is the act of trying to heal our lives without first clearing our emotional baggage.
To offset this risk, there is some degree
of timing that should be considered in the affiliation
with religion or spirituality. It will make you realize what you truly want in
life and will train your mind for doing the things
that are required for you to achieve your goal.
March 7, 2013 at 10:56 am | edit mis u
March 8, 2013 at 1:40 pm | edit Awari to daa nuu!
March 11, 2013 at 6:48 pm | edit i want nothing out of a free download of a yorubai -english dictionary ! ! !…
March 31, 2013 at 10:44 pm | edit is knowledge
April 7, 2013 at 8:17 pm | edit oda aro o
April 11, 2013 at 11:18 am | edit Good to have for better understanding of yoruba language and it’s popularity.
April 22, 2013 at 7:41 am | edit Hello! I’ve been following your blog for some time now and finally got the bravery to go ahead and give you a shout out from Kingwood Texas! Just wanted to say keep up the excellent work!
April 22, 2013 at 4:46 pm | edit Wa fun Ayewo Ara e
1. Igbega lenuise
2. iwo to wa omo bibi
3. Aisan ara
4. ito sugar
5. Arun Oju
6. iwo to wa ise
7. Asiri owo laisi idiwo
8. Awure ise. etc.
April 23, 2013 at 7:14 pm | edit this is a wounderful site. i have come to a greater understanding of my love. he is nigerian and i am an american white woman. im learning the yoruba language. or hopes are to marry. when time is right.thank you for being here to help us all.
April 24, 2013 at 3:16 am | edit I love Yoruba
April 27, 2013 at 10:31 pm | edit I want to download yoruba
May 6, 2013 at 4:20 am | edit Aw, this was a really nice post. Spending some time and actual effort to generate a great article… but
what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and never manage to get anything done.
May 6, 2013 at 8:40 am | edit Hi there friends, how is everything, and what you want to say regarding this piece of
writing, in my view its genuinely awesome in favor of me.
May 6, 2013 at 2:37 pm | edit Asking questions are really pleasant thing if you are
not understanding anything completely, but this post gives good understanding even.
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May 6, 2013 at 11:55 pm | edit Charge card companies don’t offer an interest free Balance Transfer because they are feeling generous. First, you have to try to find a card that provides the most affordable interest rate and obtain it.
May 8, 2013 at 10:02 am | edit Hi there, just became alert to your blog through Google, and found that it’s really informative. I’m going to watch out for brussels.
I will appreciate if you continue this in future. Lots of people will be
benefited from your writing. Cheers!
May 15, 2013 at 12:33 pm | edit Hi to every , for the reason that I am in fact eager of reading this web site’s post to be updated regularly. It carries good material.
May 17, 2013 at 11:03 am | edit Very interesting dictionaryto read.
June 7, 2013 at 11:34 am | edit Kini aisan ofa ni ede geesi?
June 23, 2013 at 1:26 am | edit Good site keep it up
July 14, 2013 at 10:40 am | edit I like my language, i can proud of it any where, any how, wherever, whichever and forever.
July 19, 2013 at 3:16 am | edit i want to download free yoruba english dictionary
July 23, 2013 at 2:46 pm | edit I am new to this site…yet very grateful to have found it. I’ve never thought in all of my life that my heart would be captivated by any other man but an American man. However, the Almighty God thought otherwise. I am now in a very blessed relationship with a very awesome Yoruba man….to the Glory of God. After seeking God first, we both found that we were destined to be with each other. I have already began to obtained material to help me with learning the culture and language. Please if @ all possible would someone forward me the link to download the free Yoruba English dictionary also. Thanks & God bless you!
July 24, 2013 at 9:49 am | edit Oluwa seun! (We thank God!) Will try to get it today to you and post it here properly!
July 25, 2013 at 9:00 am | edit It’s hard to find experienced people on this topic, however, you seem like you know what you’re talking about!
Thanks
August 10, 2013 at 8:26 pm | edit I wil b glad 2 hav dis on my mobile.
August 16, 2013 at 8:26 am | edit Thanks for making yoruba proud
August 23, 2013 at 11:55 am | edit when it comes to YORUBA(FREE DOWNLOAD OF YORUBA DICTIONARY AT FREELANG.NET/DICTIONARY/YOURBA.HTML)!
| BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL!, everybody has their own opiniun.
i do not disagree with you. but not all the points
giving are great %90 are but all the same i
really do enjoy the article. :)
August 26, 2013 at 1:16 pm | edit It’s awesome in support of me to have a web page, which is beneficial in support of my knowledge. thanks admin
August 28, 2013 at 6:48 am | edit very fantastic language
September 4, 2013 at 3:57 am | edit Fantastic post but I was wondering if you could write a litte more on this topic?
I’d be very thankful if you could elaborate a little bit more.
Thanks!
September 28, 2013 at 3:26 pm | edit I want to download yoruba dictionary
October 20, 2013 at 3:57 pm | edit pls i need yoruba dictionary on my phone (symbian phone), how can i download it
October 22, 2013 at 9:56 pm | edit I wants to download yoruba dictionary.
Please help me out.
October 28, 2013 at 6:45 am | edit Kinni yoruba npe ni mandatory ni ede geesi.
October 28, 2013 at 6:47 am | edit Kinni yoruba npe ni constituency ni ede geesi.
October 29, 2013 at 8:53 am | edit i really enjoyed this site, honestly is met for me, since am trying to brush up my yoruba language
October 29, 2013 at 8:57 am | edit i need more of my language both in writing, and verbal particularly the proverb.
November 14, 2013 at 1:20 pm | edit Very instresting
December 5, 2013 at 6:19 am | edit Yoruba dictionary
December 23, 2013 at 1:10 am | edit Yoruba keyboard-FREE
e · 5 Comments · Share · More…
From Facebook
Adékúnlé Al Muftau Adéǐté
For the benefit of all my Yoruba brothers and sisters who would love to type in Yoruba with all the accents, download this Virtual keyboard and start typing away free of charge!
http://www.tavultesoft.com/keyman/download.php
January 6, 2014 at 4:39 pm | edit I want to download yoruba dictionary on this phone
January 10, 2014 at 11:20 am | edit I like it
January 18, 2014 at 1:08 pm | edit parents should endavour to speak yoruba to their kids.Let encourage them.They re d leader of tomorow so that Our language ll not perish.
January 18, 2014 at 1:15 pm | edit BENI ! Ati Parents should speak only Yoruba to their children at home! As a Blackamerikkkan I only allowed omode mi to speak Yoruba in the house ati they grew up speaking perfect Yoruba ati learned english well in the schooll!
Sent from my BlackBerry wireless device from MTN
January 19, 2014 at 12:15 am | edit I like it
January 28, 2014 at 9:16 pm | edit I need it please how to translate yoruba to english
February 21, 2014 at 3:17 pm | edit GOOGLE NOW TRANSLATES YORUBA SO TYPE “TRANSLATE YORUBA TO ENGLISH ON GOOGLE” TO GET IT!
February 2, 2014 at 6:51 am | edit LET SPEAK OUR LANG EVERY WERE WE GO.
February 7, 2014 at 7:48 pm | edit How to download yoruba dictionary on my phone
March 4, 2014 at 9:42 pm | edit Thanks for Yoruba Bible reference application
March 13, 2014 at 11:08 am | edit Yoruba koni baje o,ase
March 18, 2014 at 9:15 am | edit Translate this in English pls…..Mo so fun ko gbo
March 18, 2014 at 4:12 pm | edit MO SO FUN KOGBO
I TOLD YOU BUT YOU DIDN’T UNDERSTAND
March 18, 2014 at 5:32 pm edit Thanks but I think it should be this way”I told you but you don’t listen
March 18, 2014 at 6:37 pm | edit what is the Yoruba name for “Traditional Healer”
March 18, 2014 at 10:13 pm | edit I want to download yoruba dictionary